CONCLUSIONS: OSATS is widely used; however, its application appears to focus primarily on the observation of secondary characteristics of surgical performance, such as flow and lightness of touch, which are inherently subjective. Binary checklists introduce a degree of objectivity into the assessment, but they require greater detail and specificity to capture technical competence accurately. Future work should aim to standardize and refine these assessment tools to enhance both their reliability [...]

CONCLUSION: The impact of the pandemic on pediatric mental health was heterogeneous across demographic groups and mental health conditions. Older adolescent females experienced persistently high levels of diagnosed ADHD, anxiety, and mood disorders, although there are signs of reversion to prepandemic levels. [...]